The exact cause of endometriosis is unknown, but there are several theories. One theory is that during menstruation, some of the menstrual blood flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity, where it implants and grows. Another theory is that endometrial cells are carried through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they grow and cause endometriosis.

The most common symptom of endometriosis is pain, which can be severe and debilitating. The pain is often worse during menstruation, but it can also occur at other times during the menstrual cycle. Other symptoms include:

• Pain during intercourse
• Painful bowel movements or urination
• Infertility
• Heavy or irregular periods
• Fatigue
• Depression

Diagnosing endometriosis can be challenging, as the symptoms are similar to other conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and ovarian cysts. The most common diagnostic tests include:

• Pelvic exam: A doctor will feel for any lumps or abnormalities in the pelvis. A Family Planning Tasmania doctor can conduct a pelvic exam.
• Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create images of the pelvic organs.
• Laparoscopy: This is a surgical procedure in which a small incision is made in the abdomen to allow a thin tube with a camera to be inserted to examine the pelvic organs. Removal of the endometriosis tissue may also occur during this procedure for diagnosis and possible treatment.

There is no cure for endometriosis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms. These include:

• Pain medication: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen can help manage mild to moderate pain.
• Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy can help regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce the growth of endometrial tissue. Options include birth control pills, progesterone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the endometriosis tissue. This is usually done using laparoscopic surgery.

Family Planning Tasmania can assist with an assessment for endometriosis, and a symptom management plan, which may include:

• Pain medication
• Hormonal therapy
• Referral for laparoscopic surgery in one of our hospitals
• Referral for physical therapy, such as pelvic floor physiotherapy
• Referral to other specialists, such as gastroenterologists and dieticians, to help treat co-occurring conditions
• Lifestyle changes

We recommend people who suspect they might have endometriosis try hormonal contraception where appropriate.

The below video provides an overview of endometriosis relevant for health professionals.

There are some fantastic resources out there to support people living with endometriosis.

Find out more information and additional resources:

• Endometriosis Australia website >>
• Jean Hailes for Women’s Health website >>
• The National Action Plan for Endometriosis >> was also launched in 2018, which aims to improve awareness and education, reduce diagnosis times, and improve treatment and management of the condition.
• The Pelvic Pain Foundation of Australia >>
• Tasmanian Endometriosis Support Group Facebook group >>  This group offers a place for women with endometriosis to connect with others who are going through similar experiences, as well as to access information and support.